A prospective cohort of 54,871 Danish adults ages 50–64 found that men and women with the highest quartile of total whole grain intake had a 25% and 27% lower risk of heart attack than individuals with intakes in the lowest quartile. In contrast, a meta-analysis of 18 studies that included mainly cohort studies found that the highest whole-grain intakes (including various types of whole grains in addition to oats) compared with the lowest intakes were significantly associated with a 21% reduced risk of heart disease.These studies included a range of whole grain foods in addition to oats such as brown rice, whole wheat, barley, and rye. However, the study authors acknowledged the small sample sizes and relatively short durations of the interventions (four months or less). A systematic review of nine randomized controlled trials did not find adequate evidence to show that whole grain diets including oats reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease or lower blood cholesterol or blood pressure. Other studies did not specify the exact type of oats used. Some studies analyzed not just oats intake but a more general whole-grain intake. Part of the variation may be caused by meta-analyses or reviews that compared different types of studies, or compared different oat forms (oat groats vs.
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